Dystonia

Dystonia is a neurological condition characterised by sustained or repetitive muscle contractions that cause involuntary twisting movements, abnormal postures, or both. These muscle contractions can affect one specific body part, such as the neck (cervical dystonia or torticollis), hand (writer’s cramp), or vocal cords (spasmodic dysphonia), or they may involve multiple body parts in more severe cases. The movements and postures associated with dystonia are often abnormal and can interfere with daily activities, leading to physical discomfort and functional impairment. Dystonia can be classified based on the area of the body affected (focal, segmental, or generalised) and whether it is primary (no identifiable cause) or secondary (caused by another underlying condition).